View of the Article PDF: 08_Kovbasenko_Gontar
© Serhii Kovbasenko, Сandidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department, ORCID: 0000-0002-7309-8200, e-mail: s-kov@ukr.net; (National Transport University); © Yurii Gontar, Postgraduate Student, Head of the Department, ORCID: 0009-0005-6261-5216, e-mail: yuragontar0511@gmail.com (SE “State Road Transport Research Institute”)
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MOTION PARAMETERS AND OPERATING MODES OF MOTOR VEHICLES USING A MEASURING-RECORDING COMPLEX FOR FORMING A TYPICAL URBAN DRIVING CYCLE
DOI: 10.33868/0365-8392-2026-1-286-49-63
Abstract. The article substantiates the feasibility of forming locally oriented driving cycles, since standard test modes (NEDC, WLTC/WLTP, FTP-75, etc.) do not fully reflect the structure of urban traffic, the frequency of stops and characteristic transitional modes of movement. The article considers an approach to obtaining experimental operational data necessary for the formation of a typical urban driving cycle and the correct assessment of fuel efficiency and environmental performance of motor vehicles in real operating conditions. The principles of construction and the composition of a measuring and recording complex designed for the synchronous collection of kinematic parameters of movement and power plant operating modes using GNSS satellite navigation and on-board diagnostic data via OBD-II/CAN are presented and justified. The logic of organising two recording channels (Teltonika FMB140 GNSS tracker as a reference source of time, coordinates and speed, and Vgate iCar 2 OBD adapter for reading PID parameters) is described, as well as approaches to their further time coordination. The minimum required and extended set of parameters (time, speed according to GNSS and CAN/OBD, coordinates, acceleration and distance derivatives, RPM, load, MAF/MAP, control position, fuel and energy indicators, etc.) suitable for segmenting movement into micro-trips, calculating features and synthesising a ‘speed-time’ profile. Separate emphasis is placed on the requirements for primary data processing: unification of the sampling rate (typically 1 Hz), control of omissions and emissions, comparison of GNSS speed with wheel speed via CAN to reduce the impact of urban GNSS errors. Based on the results of field trips at different times of the day in Kyiv, arrays of synchronised time series of traffic parameters and power plant operation were formed, creating an information basis for further clustering of micro-trips, statistical synthesis of a representative urban cycle and its subsequent laboratory reproduction. The results obtained increase the representativeness of the future driving cycle and the reliability of assessing the operational, fuel and energy, and environmental performance of motor vehicles.
Keywords: test driving cycle, urban cycle, data recording, OBD-II, CAN bus, GNSS, GPS tracker, Teltonika FMB140, Vgate iCar 2, speed-time, micro-trips, clustering, profile simplification.
References
1. European Union. (2017). Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/1151 supplementing Regulation (EC) No 715/2007, establishing WLTP procedures and related requirements (consolidated text). Retrieved from https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2017/1151/contents 2.Amirjamshidi, G., & Roorda, M. J. (2015). Development of simulated driving cycles for light, medium, and heavy duty trucks: Case of the Toronto Waterfront Area. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 34, 255–266. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2014.11.010 3.Gebisa, A., Gebresenbet, G., Gopal, R., & Nallamothu, R. B. (2021). Driving cycles for estimating vehicle emission levels and energy consumption. Future Transportation, 1(3), 615–638. doi:10.3390/futuretransp1030033 4.Chauhan, B. P., Joshi, G. J., & Parida, P. (2020). Development of candidate driving cycles for an urban arterial corridor of Vadodara city. European Transport/Trasporti Europei, 4, 1–16. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/BoskiChauhan2/publication/348252664_Development_of_Candidate_Driving_Cycles_for_an_Urban_Arterial_Corridor_of_Vadodara_City/links/5ff549d8a6fdccdcb833ae7d/Development-of-Candidate-Driving-Cycles-for-an-Urban-Arterial-Corridor-of-Vadodara-City.pdf 5.Mateichyk, V., Kostian, N., Smieszek, M., Gritsuk, I., & Verbovskyi, V. (2023). Review of methods for evaluating the energy efficiency of vehicles with conventional and alternative power plants. Energies, 16, Article 6331. doi:10.3390/en16176331 6.Smieszek, M., Mateichyk, V., & Mościszewski, J. (2024). The influence of stops on the selected route of the city ITS on the energy efficiency of the public bus. Energies, 17, Article 4179. doi:10.3390/en17164179 7.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2026). Federal test procedure (FTP): Overview of light-duty vehicle emissions testing. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/vehicle-and-fuel-emissions-testing 8.DieselNet. (2026). Vehicle test cycles (overview). Retrieved from https://dieselnet.com/standards/cycles/ 9.Lin, M., & Peng, H. (2003). Driving cycle generation using Markov chains. International Journal of Vehicle Design, 32(2), 148–165. 10.Mayakuntla, S. K., & Verma, A. (2018). A novel methodology for construction of driving cycles for Indian cities. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 65, 725–735. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2018.10.013 11.Almachi, J. C., Saguay, J., Anrango, E., Cando, E., & Reina, S. (2025). Clustering-based urban driving cycle generation: A data-driven approach for traffic analysis and sustainable mobility applications in Ecuador. Sustainability, 17(8), Article 3353. doi:10.3390/su17083353 12.Çolak, M. (2013). Development of driving cycle based on real world data using micro-trips approach (Master’s thesis). Istanbul Technical University. Retrieved January 9, 2026, from https://polen.itu.edu.tr/bitstreams/06dc415a-e8d8-4737-aa7e-f30d2175e5ae/download 13.Volkswagen AG. (2011). Service training self study program 890113: The all new 2012 Passat. Retrieved from https://vwcampersite.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/ssp_890113-passat-2012.pdf 14.GPS.gov. How GPS works. Retrieved from https://www.gps.gov/what-can-gps-do 15.Kaplan, E. D., & Hegarty, C. J. (2017). Understanding GPS/GNSS: Principles and applications. Norwood, MA: Artech House. 16.Misra, P., & Enge, P. (2006). Global positioning system: Signals, measurements, and performance. Lincoln, MA: Ganga-Jamuna Press. 17.Navstar GPS Joint Program Office. Interface specification IS-GPS-200: Navstar GPS space segment/navigation user interfaces (ICD). Retrieved from https://www.gps.gov/driving-gps 18.Teltonika. FMB140: Product page/specifications. Retrieved from https://www.teltonika-gps.com/products/trackers/can-data/fmb140 19.Teltonika Telematics Wiki. FMB140: Device specifications. Retrieved from https://wiki.teltonika-gps.com/view/FMB140 20.Teltonika Telematics Wiki. FMB140: Parameters / IO elements. Retrieved from https://wiki.teltonika-gps.com/ 21.Teltonika Telematics Wiki. CAN data reading (Teltonika CAN solutions). Retrieved from https://wiki.teltonika-gps.com/ 22.Teltonika Telematics Wiki. Codec 8 / Codec 8 Extended documentation (AVL data). Retrieved from https://wiki.teltonika-gps.com/view/Codec 23.Robert Bosch GmbH. CAN specification version 2.0. Retrieved https://www.bosch-semiconductors.com/ 24.International Organization for Standardization. (2003). ISO 11898-1: Road vehicles – Controller area network (CAN) – Part 1: Data link layer and physical signalling. Retrieved from https://www.iso.org/search.html?PROD_isoorg_en%5Bquery%5D=11898-1 25.International Organization for Standardization. (2003, 2016.). ISO 11898-2: Road vehicles – Controller area network (CAN) – Part 2: High-speed medium access unit. Retrieved from https://www.iso.org/search.html?PROD_isoorg_en%5Bquery%5D=11898-2 26.International Organization for Standardization. (2005). ISO 15765-4: Road vehicles – Diagnostic communication over Controller Area Network (DoCAN) – Part 4: Requirements for emissions-related systems. Retrieved from https://www.iso.org/standard/ 27.SAE International. (1991). SAE J1979: E/E diagnostic test modes (OBD-II services and PID). Retrieved from https://www.sae.org/standards/ 28.SAE International. (1992). SAE J1962: Diagnostic connector (OBD-II). Retrieved January 9, 2026, from https://www.sae.org/standards/ 29.International Organization for Standardization. (2015). ISO 15031-5: Road vehicles – Communication between vehicle and external equipment for emissions-related diagnostics – Part 5: Emissions-related diagnostic services. Retrieved from https://www.iso.org/standard/ 30.ELM Electronics. ELM327 OBD to RS232 interpreter: Data sheet. Retrieved from https://www.elmelectronics.com/ 31.Vgate. iCar 2 Wi-Fi OBD-II adapter: Product information. Retrieved from https://www.vgatemall.com/ 32.OBD Auto Doctor. OBD-II PIDs and live data logging (software documentation). Retrieved from https://www.obdautodoctor.com/ 33.Heywood, J. B. (2018). Internal combustion engine fundamentals. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. 34.Teltonika Telematics Wiki. FMB device time synchronization (GPS/NTP/NITZ). Retrieved from https://wiki.teltonika-gps.com/ 35.Groves, P. D. (2013). Principles of GNSS, inertial, and multisensor integrated navigation systems. Boston, MA: Artech House. 36.Smith II, H., Akhtar, S., Caulfield, B., & O’Mahony, M. (2024). Validity of GPS data in driving cycles. IET Intelligent Transport Systems, 18(S1), 3034–3040. doi:10.1049/itr2.12574 37.Wang, L., Groves, P. D., & Ziebart, M. K. (2014). GNSS positioning in urban areas: A multi-constellation approach. Applied Geomatics, 6, 183–194. 38.Gebisa, A., Gebresenbet, G., Gopal, R., & Nallamothu, R. B. (2021). Driving cycles for estimating vehicle emission levels and energy consumption. Future Transportation, 1(3), 615–638. doi:10.3390/futuretransp1030033 39.Barth, M., & Boriboonsomsin, K. (2008). Real-world carbon dioxide impacts of traffic congestion. Transportation Research Record, 2058, 163–171. doi:10.3141/2058-20 40.Snarska-Bień, G., & Lasocki, J. (2025). Enhancing driving cycle development using artificial intelligence. Combustion Engines, 203(4), 146–154. doi:10.19206/CE-209909 41.European Commission, Joint Research Centre. (2015). Development of the WLTP: A new test procedure for the type approval of light duty vehicles in Europe (JRC Scientific and Policy Reports). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 42.Richharia, M., & Westbrook, L. D. (2011). Satellite systems for personal applications: Concepts and technology. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons. 43.Xu, G., & Xu, Y. (2016). GPS: Theory, algorithms and applications. Berlin, Germany: Springer. 44.National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. (1984). World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84): Standard description. Retrieved from https://earth-info.nga.mil/ 45.European Space Agency. EGNOS (European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service) overview. Retrieved from https://www.esa.int/Applications/Navigation/EGNOS ISSN 0365-8392 DOI: 10.33868/0365-8392-2026-1-286-49-63 Date of first receipt of the article: 28.01.2026 Date of acceptance for publication: 15.03.2026 Date of publication: 31.03.2026